The estradiol test measures the level of estradiol, a form of oestrogen, in the blood.
Estrogen is a hormone that plays a key role in the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system, as well as the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
High levels of estradiol may indicate certain medical conditions such as ovarian or adrenal tumours, while low levels may indicate menopause or other hormonal imbalances.
The test is often ordered along with other hormone tests such as FSH or LH to help diagnose and treat conditions related to the ovaries and testes.
Estradiol testing is typically used to help diagnose and monitor conditions related to hormonal imbalances in girls, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), infertility, and precocious puberty. It is also used to monitor hormone replacement therapy in women who have had their ovaries removed or are going through menopause.
Estradiol levels can be affected by many factors, including age, pregnancy, menopause, hormone therapy, and certain medical conditions. The normal range for estradiol levels may vary depending on the laboratory and the person’s age and sex.

A testosterone test is a blood test that measures the level of the hormone testosterone in the body. Testosterone is a male sex hormone that plays an important role in the development and maintenance of male reproductive organs and characteristics such as the testes, prostate and muscle mass, as well as sperm production, sex drive and red blood cell production.
Testosterone testing is typically used to help diagnose and monitor conditions related to hormonal imbalances in men, such as hypogonadism (low testosterone), infertility, delayed or precocious puberty in males, and testicular cancer. It is also used to monitor hormone replacement therapy in men.
Testosterone levels can be affected by many factors, such as age, certain medical conditions, and medications. The normal range for testosterone levels may vary depending on the laboratory and the age and sex of the person.

The Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) test is a blood test that measures the level of FSH in the blood. FSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays an important role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and fertility in women and sperm production in men.
In women, FSH levels fluctuate during the menstrual cycle, with higher levels indicating the start of a new cycle. The test is used to assess ovarian reserve, the number of eggs remaining in a woman’s ovaries, and to check for ovulation problems such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and menopause.
In men, FSH plays an important role in sperm production. The test is used to assess testicular function, check for problems with sperm production such as hypogonadism, and monitor the effectiveness of infertility treatment.
Normally, the FSH level is low early in the menstrual cycle and increases as the cycle progresses. However, the normal range for FSH levels varies depending on the laboratory and the population being tested and may also change during the menstrual cycle. It is important to note that FSH testing should be done in conjunction with other hormone levels such as LH, testosterone, estradiol and inhibin B in order to have a comprehensive assessment of reproductive function.

The LDL (low-density lipoprotein) test measures the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood.
LDL cholesterol is often called “bad” cholesterol because high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
The test is used to assess a person’s risk of cardiovascular disease and to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering therapy.

The HDL test, also known as a high-density lipoprotein test, measures the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood. HDL is often referred to as “good” cholesterol because it helps to remove low-density lipoprotein (LDL) “bad” cholesterol from the bloodstream. HDL does this by transporting LDL cholesterol from peripheral tissues, such as the artery wall, back to the liver where it can be broken down and removed from the body.
The test is used to assess a person’s risk of heart disease and to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering treatment. Low HDL cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease, while high HDL cholesterol is protective. A normal range of HDL cholesterol is generally considered to be above 40 mg/dL for men and above 50 mg/dL for women. HDL testing is typically done as part of a lipid panel that also measures total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.

The Total Cholesterol test measures the amount of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a type of fat found in the blood that is essential for the body to function properly. However, high cholesterol levels can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
The Total Cholesterol test is used to screen for high cholesterol levels and to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering treatments. It measures the level of all types of cholesterol in the blood, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides.
The test is performed by taking a blood sample, usually from a finger prick or venous blood draw, and measuring the levels of cholesterol in the blood. Results are typically reported in milligrams/decilitre (mg/dL) or millimoles/litre (mmol/L). The American Heart Association recommends that adults have their cholesterol levels checked at least every four to six years.
It is important to note that the Total Cholesterol test alone is not sufficient to assess cardiovascular risk, other parameters such as LDL, HDL, Triglycerides and Non-HDL Cholesterol should also be considered for a comprehensive understanding of cholesterol levels in the body.

A triglyceride test measures the amount of triglycerides, a type of fat, in the blood. Triglycerides are important for energy storage, but high levels can be a risk factor for heart disease and other health problems.
The test is used to screen for high triglyceride levels, to evaluate the effectiveness of triglyceride-lowering treatments, and to help diagnose and monitor conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and other disorders of lipid metabolism.
The test is performed by taking a blood sample and measuring triglyceride levels in the blood. Results are typically reported in milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL) or millimoles per litre (mmol/L). It is important to remember that triglyceride levels can be affected by factors such as diet, exercise, alcohol consumption and certain medications, so it is important to discuss any concerns with a healthcare professional.
It is also important to note that the triglyceride test should be performed after a 12-hour fast, as food intake can affect the results.

The glycohaemoglobin or haemoglobin A1C test measures the average amount of glucose in the blood over the past 2-3 months by determining the percentage of haemoglobin molecules that have been glycated (glucose added). Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. When glucose levels are high, more haemoglobin molecules undergo glycation.
The test is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes and also to assess the effectiveness of diabetes treatment. Diabetes is characterised by persistently high levels of glucose in the blood, which over time can damage blood vessels and organs. The A1C test provides an overall picture of a person’s blood glucose control over the past 2-3 months and helps the healthcare professional adjust the treatment plan. A normal A1C level is below 5.7%, while a level of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.

An iron test is a blood test that measures the level of iron in the bloodstream. Iron is an essential mineral required for the production of haemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.
Iron is also important for the proper functioning of the immune system. Iron testing is used to diagnose iron deficiency anaemia, monitor iron replacement therapy or assess iron stores.
Iron deficiency anaemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body, which may be due to malnutrition, blood loss, malabsorption or chronic diseases. Low levels of iron in the blood may indicate iron deficiency anaemia. High levels of iron in the blood may indicate haemochromatosis, a condition in which the body absorbs too much iron, which can be stored in organs and cause damage.

The iron binding capacity (IBC) test is a blood test that measures the amount of transferrin, a protein that binds to iron and transports it in the bloodstream. IBC is also known as total iron binding capacity (TIBC).
Transferrin saturation (TSAT) is calculated as serum iron divided by TIBC. The IBC test is often used in combination with an iron test to assess iron levels and the body’s iron store.
High IBC levels may indicate a greater amount of transferrin is available to bind to iron, which can occur in conditions such as iron deficiency anaemia or chronic inflammation.
Low IBC levels may indicate that there is less transferrin available to bind to iron, which can occur in conditions such as haemochromatosis or liver disease.

A ferritin test is a blood test that measures the level of ferritin in the bloodstream. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body. Ferritin testing is used to evaluate the body’s iron stores and can help diagnose iron deficiency anemia, monitor iron replacement therapy, or evaluate the cause of non-iron deficiency anemia. It is also used to evaluate inflammation, liver disease, and certain types of cancer.

Ferritin is a good indicator of iron stores because it increases when the body stores iron and decreases when iron is depleted in the body. Low ferritin levels in the blood may indicate iron deficiency anemia. High ferritin levels can occur in conditions such as hemochromatosis, inflammation, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to remember that the ferritin level can also be elevated in other conditions such as inflammation and infections, so it should be interpreted in conjunction with other test results and clinical findings.

The TSH test is used to help diagnose and monitor thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). In a healthy individual, the TSH level will vary depending on the level of thyroid hormones in the blood. When the level of thyroid hormones is low, the pituitary gland secretes more TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more hormones. Conversely, when the level of thyroid hormones is high, the pituitary gland will release less TSH.

The TSH test is done by taking a blood sample and measuring the TSH level in the blood. Results are typically reported in milli-international units per liter (mIU/L). The normal range for TSH levels will vary depending on the laboratory, but it is generally accepted that a high TSH level in the blood is an indicator of hypothyroidism and a low TSH level in the blood is an indicator of hyperthyroidism.

It is important to note that TSH test results must be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical symptoms and that additional diagnostic tests, such as T4 and T3, as well as other thyroid function tests, may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

The vitamin D test measures the level of vitamin D in the blood. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in the body’s absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth. It also plays a role in the immune system and regulation of cell growth.

There are two forms of vitamin D: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D3 is the form produced by the skin when exposed to sunlight and is the form more commonly found in supplements.

Vitamin D deficiency is relatively common, especially in people with limited sun exposure, darker skin, older age, obesity, and certain health problems such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and cystic fibrosis. Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency include weak bones, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of falls and fractures.

The test is done by taking a blood sample and measuring the vitamin D level in plasma or serum. Results are typically reported in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) or nanomoles per liter (nmol/L). The normal range for vitamin D will vary depending on the laboratory, but a normal vitamin D level is generally considered to be between 30 and 74 ng/mL (75 and 185 nmol/L).

It is important to note that Vitamin D test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical symptoms and other relevant laboratory test results. Additionally, these results may be false positives in some cases. Therefore, additional diagnostic tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis, and a medical professional will need to interpret these test results.

A cortisol test measures the level of the hormone cortisol in the blood.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. The level of cortisol in the blood can indicate the functioning of the adrenal glands, as well as the presence of certain conditions such as Cushing’s disease or Addison’s disease.

High cortisol levels can also be caused by certain types of tumors and some medications. Low cortisol levels may indicate adrenal insufficiency.

Cortisol testing is often done along with other tests, such as ACTH testing, to help diagnose these conditions.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) test is a blood test that measures the level of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in the blood. ALP is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, bone, and small intestine. High levels of ALP in the blood may be a sign of certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, bone disorders or cancer. It can also be used as a marker of bone growth and development in children.

This test is typically ordered along with other liver function tests and is used to help diagnose and monitor liver and bone disorders. The test is also used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions. The normal range for ALP varies depending on the laboratory, but is typically between 40-120 IU/L. High ALP levels may indicate a problem with the liver, bones or other organs.

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) test is a blood test that measures the level of the ALT enzyme in the blood. ALT is found primarily in the liver, but can also be found in small amounts in other organs such as the kidneys and heart. High ALT levels in the blood may be a sign of liver damage or disease.

This test is typically ordered as part of a liver function panel along with other tests, such as the Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) test, to help diagnose and monitor liver disease or damage. Common causes of high ALT levels include viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and certain medications. It may also be used as a marker of liver damage from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, or cancer. The normal ALT range varies depending on the laboratory, but is typically between 7-56 IU/L for adult men and 7-40 IU/L for adult women. High ALT levels may indicate a problem with the liver and require further evaluation.

The Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) test is a blood test that measures the level of the GGT enzyme in the blood. GGT is found in high concentrations in the liver and bile ducts, but is also found in small amounts in other organs such as the pancreas, kidneys, and heart.

GGT is an enzyme that helps transport amino acids and peptides across cell membranes. High levels of GGT in the blood may indicate damage or disease in the liver or bile ducts. The test is most commonly used to help detect liver damage or disease, especially due to liver inflammation caused by alcohol use or conditions such as viral hepatitis.

GGT testing is also used to monitor the effectiveness of liver disease treatment. Normal GGT levels vary depending on the laboratory and population tested, but generally range from 9-48 U/L for men and 9-32 U/L for women. However, GGT levels may be higher in people with liver disease or other conditions, such as diabetes or biliary obstruction. It is important to note that the GGT test is not specific for liver disease, so it should be used in conjunction with other liver function tests such as AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin to have a comprehensive assessment of liver function.

The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test is a blood test that measures CRP levels in the blood. This test is similar to the regular CRP test, but is more sensitive, meaning it can detect even very low levels of CRP. The hs-CRP test is commonly used to evaluate the risk of heart disease, especially in people who have other risk factors for heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. High levels of hs-CRP in the blood may indicate an increased risk of heart disease, even in the absence of other symptoms. This test may also be used to monitor inflammation and response to treatment in inflammation-related conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.

The Creatinine Kinase (CK) test measures the level of the enzyme creatinine kinase in the blood.

This enzyme is found in various body tissues, including the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles.

High CK levels can indicate damage to these tissues and can be a sign of certain medical conditions, such as heart attack, muscle disease or injury, and certain types of muscular dystrophy.

It can also help monitor treatment of these conditions. It is often used in combination with other tests to help diagnose and monitor certain medical conditions.

The HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) test is a mathematical calculation used to predict insulin resistance in a person. It is a way to evaluate glucose metabolism in the body and how well the body can handle insulin.

The test uses two measurements, fasting blood sugar and fasting insulin levels, to calculate the HOMA-IR score. Formula used: HOMA-IR = (glucose (mmol/L) x insulin (mU/L / 22.5

A high HOMA-IR score indicates that the individual may have insulin resistance, which is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders. A low score indicates that the individual is likely insulin sensitive.

The Homa IR test is widely used to evaluate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome, and is also used as a tool to monitor response to treatment in such conditions. The test is relatively easy to perform and does not require an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or euglycemic clamp. It is also relatively inexpensive.

It is important to remember that the Homa IR test is only an estimate of insulin resistance and is not diagnostic in itself and should be used in conjunction with clinical examination and other test results.

Insulin test measures the level of insulin in the blood.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar. It helps transport glucose (a type of sugar) from the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Insulin testing is typically used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as diabetes, which are characterized by little or no insulin production or insulin resistance.

It can be used to determine whether insulin levels are adequate or whether the patient needs more insulin or has hyperinsulinemia.

The test can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of diabetes treatment, monitor the effectiveness of insulin therapy, and help distinguish type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes.

A hemogram (also known as a complete blood count or CBC) is a test that measures various components of the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The test also includes measurement of hemoglobin and hematocrit, indicators of the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity, and mean red blood cell volume (MCV), a measure of the average size of red blood cells.

A hemogram test is used to evaluate overall health and help diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, such as anemia, infection, leukemia, and other blood diseases.

The test can provide information about the number, size and shape of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It can also provide information about the amount of hemoglobin and other proteins in the blood. An abnormal hemogram may indicate a problem with the bone marrow, where blood cells are made, or the spleen, which helps remove damaged blood cells from the circulation.

Hemogram testing is usually done as part of a routine physical exam, but it may also be done as part of a diagnostic workup for a specific medical condition or as a way to monitor the progression of an existing condition.