The Glycated Hemoglobin or Hemoglobin A1C test measures the percentage of glycated (glucose-added) hemoglobin molecules to determine the average blood glucose level in the last 2-3 months. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen in the body. When glucose levels are high, more hemoglobin molecules become glycated.

The test is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes and to evaluate the effectiveness of diabetes treatment. Diabetes is characterized by chronically high blood glucose levels that can damage blood vessels and organs over time. The A1C test provides an overall picture of a person’s blood sugar control in the last 2-3 months and helps a healthcare professional adjust their treatment plan. A normal A1C level is below 5.7%, while a level of 6.5% or higher in two separate tests indicates diabetes.

The iron test is a blood test that measures the level of iron in the bloodstream. Iron is a vital mineral required for the production of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Iron is also important for the proper functioning of the immune system. The iron test is used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia, monitor iron replacement therapy, or assess iron stores in the body. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body, which can result from inadequate nutrition, blood loss, malabsorption, or chronic illness. Low levels of iron in the blood can indicate iron deficiency anemia.

High levels of iron in the blood can indicate hemochromatosis, a condition in which the body absorbs too much iron and stores it in the organs, causing damage.

The Iron Binding Capacity (IBC) test is a blood test that measures the amount of transferrin, a protein that binds and carries iron in the bloodstream. IBC is also known as Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC). Transferrin saturation (TSAT) is calculated by dividing serum iron by TIBC. The IBC test is typically used in conjunction with an iron test to assess iron levels and the body’s iron stores. High IBC levels may indicate the presence of more transferrin to bind to iron, which can occur in conditions such as iron-deficiency anemia or chronic inflammation. Low IBC levels may indicate the presence of less transferrin to bind to iron, which can occur in conditions such as hemochromatosis or liver disease.

The Ferritin test is a blood test that measures the level of ferritin in the bloodstream. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body. The Ferritin test is used to evaluate the body’s iron stores and can help diagnose iron deficiency anemia, monitor iron replacement therapy, or evaluate the cause of anemia not related to iron deficiency. It is also used to evaluate inflammation, liver disease, and certain types of cancer.

Ferritin is a good indicator of iron stores because it increases when the body stores iron and decreases when iron is low in the body. Low ferritin levels in the blood can indicate iron deficiency anemia. High ferritin levels can occur in conditions such as hemochromatosis, inflammation, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to remember that ferritin levels can also increase in other conditions such as inflammation and infections, so they should be interpreted along with other test results and clinical findings.

The Free T4 test measures the amount of thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) in the blood that is not bound to proteins.

T4 is one of the two main thyroid hormones (the other being T3) and plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism. T4 is found in the blood in two forms: bound to proteins such as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and albumin, and unbound or “free” T4.

The Free T4 test is used to evaluate thyroid function, particularly to monitor hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and to follow up on the treatment of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

Hyperthyroidism can cause symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and heat intolerance, while hypothyroidism can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and intolerance to cold.

Test results are typically reported in nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL). The normal range of Free T4 varies according to the laboratory, but is generally considered to be between 0.8-1.8 ng/dL. However, it is important to remember that the normal range can vary depending on factors such as age and health status, and that results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings.

It is important to remember that the Free T4 test is not a definitive test for hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, and should be used in conjunction with other laboratory and clinical evaluations such as Total T4, TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), and T3 (Total Triiodothyronine) to diagnose thyroid dysfunction, in addition to symptoms and signs.

The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) test is a blood test that measures the level of TSH in the body. TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

The TSH test is used to help diagnose and monitor thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). In a healthy individual, the TSH level will vary depending on the level of thyroid hormones in the blood. When the level of thyroid hormones is low, the pituitary gland releases more TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more hormones. Conversely, when the level of thyroid hormones is high, the pituitary gland will release less TSH.

The TSH test is performed by taking a blood sample and measuring the level of TSH in the blood. The results are typically reported in milli-international units per liter (mIU/L). The normal range for TSH levels will vary depending on the laboratory, but a high TSH level in the blood is generally considered an indicator of hypothyroidism, and a low TSH level is considered an indicator of hyperthyroidism.

It is important to remember that TSH test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical symptoms, and that other thyroid function tests such as T4 and T3, as well as additional diagnostic tests, may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis.

The Vitamin D test measures the level of vitamin D in the blood. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body, which is necessary for the maintenance of strong bones and teeth. It also plays a role in the regulation of the immune system and cell growth.

There are two forms of vitamin D: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol). D3 is the form produced by the skin when exposed to sunlight and is the more common form found in supplements.

Vitamin D deficiency is relatively common, especially in people with limited sun exposure, dark skin, older age, obesity, and certain health conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and cystic fibrosis. Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency include weak bones, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of falling and fractures.

The test is performed by taking a blood sample and measuring the level of vitamin D in the plasma or serum. Results are typically reported in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) or nanomoles per liter (nmol/L). The normal range for vitamin D will vary depending on the laboratory, but a normal vitamin D level is generally considered to be between 30 and 74 ng/mL (75 and 185 nmol/L).

It’s important to note that the results of the Vitamin D test should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical symptoms and other relevant laboratory test results. Additionally, these results can be falsely positive in some cases, so additional diagnostic tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis, and these test results should be interpreted by a medical professional.

The B12 Vitamin test measures the amount of B12 Vitamin in the blood. B12 Vitamin is a water-soluble vitamin that is necessary for proper red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. It is primarily found in animal products, including meat, fish, and dairy, and is also available as a supplement.

The B12 Vitamin test is used to evaluate the body’s B12 Vitamin status and to detect deficiency or excess. B12 Vitamin deficiency is relatively common and can occur due to poor dietary intake, malabsorption disorders, or conditions that affect the stomach and small intestine, such as pernicious anemia. Symptoms of B12 Vitamin deficiency include fatigue, weakness, constipation, nerve damage, and abnormal heart rhythms.

The test is performed by taking a blood sample and measuring the B12 Vitamin level in the blood. Results are typically reported in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) or nanomoles per liter (nmol/L). The normal range for B12 Vitamin will vary depending on the laboratory, but a normal B12 Vitamin level is generally considered to be between 200 and 900 pg/mL or 150-900 pmol/L.

It is important to note that B12 Vitamin test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical symptoms and other relevant laboratory test results.

Additionally, these results can sometimes be falsely positive. Therefore, additional diagnostic tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis, and these test results should be interpreted by a medical professional.

The folate test, also known as the B9 vitamin test, is a blood test that measures the level of folate in the blood. Folate is a B vitamin that is necessary for the production of red blood cells and for the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is also required for DNA synthesis and repair.

The test is used to assess folate deficiency that can lead to anemia, and also to monitor the treatment of folate deficiency. Medical conditions such as poor diet intake, malabsorption, alcohol consumption, certain medications, or diseases such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and kidney disease can cause folate deficiency.

The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test is a blood test that measures levels of CRP in the blood. This test is similar to the normal CRP test, but it is more sensitive, meaning it can detect very low levels of CRP. The hs-CRP test is commonly used to assess the risk of heart disease, especially in people with other risk factors for heart disease such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. High levels of hs-CRP in the blood can indicate an increased risk of heart disease even in the absence of other symptoms. This test can also be used to detect inflammation and monitor response to treatment in conditions associated with inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.

Hemogram (also known as a complete blood count or CBC) is a test that measures various components of the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The test also includes measurement of hemoglobin and hematocrit, indicators of the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), a measure of the average size of red blood cells.

A hemogram test is used to assess overall health and to aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of various medical conditions such as anemia, infection, leukemia, and other blood disorders.

The test can provide information about the number, size, and shape of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

It can also provide information about the amount of hemoglobin and other proteins in the blood. An abnormal hemogram can indicate a problem with the bone marrow where blood cells are made or with the spleen, which helps remove damaged blood cells from circulation.

Hemogram testing is typically done as part of a routine physical examination, but it can also be done as part of a diagnostic workup for a specific medical condition or as a way to monitor the progression of an existing condition.

The Creatine Kinase (CK) test measures the level of creatine kinase enzyme in the blood. This enzyme is found in various body tissues, including the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles. High levels of CK can indicate damage to these tissues and can be a sign of certain medical conditions, such as heart attack, muscle disease or injury, and certain types of muscular dystrophy. It can also help monitor the treatment of these conditions. It is usually used in conjunction with other tests to help diagnose and monitor specific medical conditions.

The Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) test is a blood test that measures the level of ALT enzyme in the blood. ALT is primarily found in the liver, but can also be found in small amounts in other organs such as the kidneys and heart. High levels of ALT in the blood may be a sign of liver damage or disease.

This test is typically ordered as part of a liver function panel, along with other tests such as Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), to help diagnose and monitor liver disease or damage. Common causes of high ALT levels include viral hepatitis, alcohol misuse, and certain medications. It can also be used as an indicator of liver damage caused by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, or cancer. The normal range for ALT varies depending on the laboratory, but is typically between 7-56 IU/L for adult men and 7-40 IU/L for adult women. High ALT levels may indicate a problem with the liver and may require further evaluation.

Aminotransferase (AST) test is a blood test that measures the level of the aspartate aminotransferase enzyme in the blood. AST is an enzyme found in various organs, including the liver, heart, muscles, and brain. When these organs are damaged, the level of AST in the blood can increase.

AST is typically used as a marker of liver damage, so the AST test is primarily used to evaluate liver function and detect and monitor liver disease. High AST levels can indicate liver damage or diseases such as viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver cancer.

The AST test can also be used to assess muscle injury. AST is found in muscle tissue, and when muscle tissue is damaged, the level of AST in the blood can increase. High AST levels can indicate muscle injury or diseases such as muscular dystrophy or myositis.

It is important to interpret the results of the AST test in the context of the patient’s clinical presentation and to evaluate other test results, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), together to assess liver function using AST. AST levels can also increase in other conditions such as hemolysis, myocardial infarction, and bone fractures.

The Omega-3 test measures the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the blood. Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat believed to be necessary for human health. They are found in fish, nuts, and other foods, and are thought to have anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. The test is typically used to evaluate the effectiveness of a person’s omega-3 supplement regimen or to check for deficiencies in omega-3 fatty acids.