The LH test, also known as the luteinizing hormone test, measures the amount of luteinizing hormone in the blood.

LH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and the production of estrogen and testosterone. In women, the LH test is used to determine ovulation and diagnose conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and menopause. It is used to evaluate fertility in men and to diagnose conditions such as hypogonadism.

Additionally, it can also be used to help identify pituitary gland disorders.

CD4 testing is used primarily to monitor the progression of HIV infection and the effectiveness of treatment. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, attacks and destroys CD4 cells, causing their numbers to decrease. As the number of CD4 cells in the blood decreases, a person’s risk of serious infections and other complications of AIDS increases.

CD4 testing is also used to monitor the progression of other conditions that affect the immune system, such as some cancers and autoimmune disorders.

When a person is diagnosed with HIV or has a condition that affects the immune system, a CD4 test is usually ordered by a healthcare professional. Testing may be ordered periodically to monitor disease progression and treatment effectiveness.

It should be noted that CD4 test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical presentation and other test results, as well as in conjunction with other HIV tests such as viral load tests.

Estradiol test is a blood test that measures the level of the hormone estradiol in the body. Estradiol is a form of oestrogen, a female sex hormone that plays an important role in the menstrual cycle and in the development and maintenance of female reproductive organs and characteristics such as the breasts, uterus and fallopian tubes.
Estradiol testing is typically used to help diagnose and monitor conditions related to hormonal imbalances in girls, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), infertility, and precocious puberty. It is also used to monitor hormone replacement therapy in women who have had their ovaries removed or are going through menopause.
Estradiol levels can be affected by many factors, including age, pregnancy, menopause, hormone therapy, and certain medical conditions. The normal range for estradiol levels may vary depending on the laboratory and the person’s age and sex.

The Total Testosterone test measures the amount of testosterone in the blood. Testosterone is a male sex hormone that plays an important role in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as muscle mass and strength, body hair, and a deep voice. It also helps regulate sex drive and sperm production.

Total Testosterone testing is used to evaluate a man’s testosterone levels and to diagnose and monitor conditions related to abnormal testosterone levels, such as hypogonadism (low testosterone) and hypergonadism (high testosterone). It is also used to monitor the effectiveness of testosterone replacement therapy.

The test is performed by taking a blood sample and measuring the testosterone levels in the blood. Results are typically reported in nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL) or picomoles per liter (pmol/L), and the normal range varies depending on the person’s age and gender.

It’s important to remember that testosterone levels can fluctuate throughout the day and can be affected by factors such as stress, diet and exercise, so it’s best to test in the morning when testosterone levels are typically highest.

It is also important to note that a total testosterone test alone may not give a clear idea of testosterone levels, as levels of other hormones such as SHBG, Free Testosterone, and bioavailable testosterone are also taken into account.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) test is a blood test that measures the level of FSH in the blood. FSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, which plays an important role in regulating the menstrual cycle and fertility in women and sperm production in men.

In women, FSH levels fluctuate during the menstrual cycle, with higher levels indicating the beginning of a new cycle. The test is used to evaluate a woman’s ovarian reserve, which is the number of eggs remaining in her ovaries, and to check for ovulation problems such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and menopause.

In men, FSH plays an important role in sperm production. The test is used to evaluate testicular function, check for problems with sperm production such as hypogonadism, and monitor the effectiveness of infertility treatment.

Normally, FSH levels are low early in the menstrual cycle and increase as the cycle progresses. However, the normal range for FSH levels varies depending on the laboratory and the population tested and may also vary during the menstrual cycle. It is important to note that in order to have a comprehensive assessment of reproductive function, FSH testing must be done along with other hormone levels such as LH, testosterone, estradiol and inhibin B.

The prolactin test measures the level of the prolactin hormone in the blood.

Prolactin is primarily produced by the pituitary gland and plays a role in various body functions, including breastfeeding, fertility, and menstrual cycle regulation.

High prolactin levels may indicate a pituitary tumor or other condition affecting the pituitary gland, while low prolactin levels may indicate hypopituitarism or other disorders.

The test is used to help diagnose and monitor conditions such as hyperprolactinemia, hypopituitarism, and pituitary tumors.

The Free Testosterone test measures the amount of testosterone in the blood that is not bound to proteins. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone and plays a vital role in developing and maintaining male characteristics such as muscle mass, bone density and body hair. Testosterone exists in the blood in two forms: bound to proteins such as sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin, and unbound or “free” testosterone.

Free Testosterone testing is used to evaluate the testosterone levels of a man with symptoms of low testosterone (hypogonadism), such as low sex drive, fatigue, and decreased muscle mass. It is also used to help diagnose conditions such as testicular dysfunction, pituitary disorders, and some types of infertility.

Test results are typically reported in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL). The normal Free Testosterone range varies depending on the laboratory, but is generally considered to be between 0.5-5 pg/mL. However, it is important to remember that the normal range may vary depending on factors such as age and health status, and results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings.

It is important to note that the Free Testosterone test is not a definitive test for low testosterone and must be used in conjunction with symptoms and signs as well as other laboratory and clinical evaluations such as Total Testosterone to diagnose hypogonadism.

A cortisol test measures the level of the hormone cortisol in the blood.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. The level of cortisol in the blood can indicate the functioning of the adrenal glands, as well as the presence of certain conditions such as Cushing’s disease or Addison’s disease.

High cortisol levels can also be caused by certain types of tumors and some medications. Low cortisol levels may indicate adrenal insufficiency.

Cortisol testing is often done along with other tests, such as ACTH testing, to help diagnose these conditions.

A globulin test is a blood test that measures the level of globulins, a group of proteins found in the blood. Globulins consist of several different types of proteins, including: Alpha-globulins: These include proteins such as haptoglobins and ceruloplasmin, which are involved in blood clotting and the transport of copper in the blood. Beta-globulins: These contain proteins such as transferrin, which are involved in the transport of iron in the blood. Gamma-globulins: These contain immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies), which are involved in the immune system’s response to invading microorganisms and other foreign substances. Globulin testing is usually used to evaluate the balance of proteins in the blood. and is used with other tests, such as the albumin test, to help diagnose certain conditions. A high globulin level can be caused by a number of conditions, including:

Inflammation or infection
Liver or kidney disease
blood cancer such as multiple myeloma
rheumatoid arthritis

monoclonal gammopathies A low globulin level may result from malnutrition, malabsorption, or chronic liver disease, among other conditions. The results of this test are combined with other clinical parameters and laboratory tests such as complete blood count, liver function test, kidney function test and albumin, immunoglobulins, etc. It is important to note that it should be interpreted in conjunction with other protein levels such as A comprehensive evaluation of protein metabolism.

The Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) test measures the level of a protein that binds to androgens (such as testosterone) and estrogens (such as estradiol) in the blood. SHBG testing is used to evaluate the levels of these hormones in the body and help diagnose certain conditions.

SHBG binds to androgens and estrogens, making them less active. The amount of SHBG in the blood can affect the amount of “free” (unbound) hormones available to enter cells and exert their effects. Higher SHBG levels can lead to lower free hormone levels, while lower SHBG levels can lead to higher free hormone levels.

Test results are typically reported in nanomoles per liter (nmol/L). The normal range for SHBG varies by laboratory, but is generally considered to be 20-100 nmol/L for men and 20-80 nmol/L for women. However, it is important to remember that the normal range may vary depending on factors such as age and health status, and results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings.

The SHBG test is used to diagnose conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hirsutism (excessive hair growth) in women, as well as to evaluate testosterone levels in men with symptoms of low testosterone (hypogonadism). It may also be used to monitor treatment of certain conditions that affect sex hormone levels, such as hormone replacement therapy or hyperthyroidism. It is important to remember that SHBG levels can be affected by some medications, diseases, and obesity, so SHBG test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s overall clinical picture.

Albumin test is a blood test that measures the level of albumin in the blood. Albumin is a protein made by the liver and is the most abundant protein in the blood. It plays an important role in maintaining the proper balance of fluids in the body, as well as transporting hormones, medications, and other substances through the bloodstream.

Albumin testing is typically used to help diagnose and monitor conditions related to liver disease, such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and liver cancer, as well as conditions related to kidney disease, malnutrition, and certain types of cancer. It is also used to monitor treatment for these conditions.

Albumin levels can be affected by many factors, including age, certain medical conditions, and medications. The normal range for albumin levels may vary depending on the laboratory and the person’s age and gender. A low albumin level may indicate liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, or cancer. A high albumin level may indicate dehydration or a certain type of cancer.

A total protein test is a blood test that measures the total amount of protein in your blood. Protein is an essential nutrient required for many functions in the body, including growth and repair of tissues, maintaining fluid balance, and supporting the immune system. Proteins are composed of amino acids and are found in many different forms throughout the body, including blood, muscles, and organs.

A total protein test measures the levels of all different types of proteins in your blood, such as albumin and globulin. This test can help detect a variety of conditions, such as liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, and certain types of cancer. The test can also be used to monitor treatment for these conditions.

The normal range for total protein levels may vary depending on the laboratory and the person’s age and gender. A low total protein level may indicate malnutrition, liver or kidney disease, or cancer.

A high total protein level may indicate chronic infection, inflammation, or certain types of cancer.

Total Bilirubin test is a blood test that measures the level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells in the body. It is normally excreted from the body through the liver and bile and is responsible for the yellow color of urine and the brown color of feces.

The test is used to help diagnose and monitor liver and bile duct disorders such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and biliary obstruction. It is also used to monitor treatment of these conditions and to help evaluate jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) that can be caused by many different conditions.

In liver disease, the liver cannot clear bilirubin effectively, causing bilirubin levels in the blood to rise. This can lead to symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue and abdominal pain.

The test is performed by taking a blood sample and measuring the level of bilirubin in the blood. Results are typically reported in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or micromoles per liter (µmol/L), and the normal range varies from laboratory to laboratory.

It is important to note that the Total Bilirubin test is non-specific and can be elevated in many different conditions, so it should be evaluated in conjunction with other liver function tests such as ALT, AST, ALP and GGT to obtain a comprehensive understanding. liver function.

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) test is a blood test that measures the level of the ALT enzyme in the blood. ALT is found primarily in the liver, but can also be found in small amounts in other organs such as the kidneys and heart. High ALT levels in the blood may be a sign of liver damage or disease.

This test is typically ordered as part of a liver function panel along with other tests, such as the Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) test, to help diagnose and monitor liver disease or damage. Common causes of high ALT levels include viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and certain medications. It may also be used as a marker of liver damage from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, or cancer. The normal ALT range varies depending on the laboratory, but is typically between 7-56 IU/L for adult men and 7-40 IU/L for adult women. High ALT levels may indicate a problem with the liver and require further evaluation.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) test is a blood test that measures the level of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in the blood. ALP is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, bone, and small intestine. High levels of ALP in the blood may be a sign of certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, bone disorders or cancer. It can also be used as a marker of bone growth and development in children.

This test is typically ordered along with other liver function tests and is used to help diagnose and monitor liver and bone disorders. The test is also used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions. The normal range for ALP varies depending on the laboratory, but is typically between 40-120 IU/L. High ALP levels may indicate a problem with the liver, bones or other organs.

The Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) test is a blood test that measures the level of the GGT enzyme in the blood. GGT is found in high concentrations in the liver and bile ducts, but is also found in small amounts in other organs such as the pancreas, kidneys, and heart.

GGT is an enzyme that helps transport amino acids and peptides across cell membranes. High levels of GGT in the blood may indicate damage or disease in the liver or bile ducts. The test is most commonly used to help detect liver damage or disease, especially due to liver inflammation caused by alcohol use or conditions such as viral hepatitis.

GGT testing is also used to monitor the effectiveness of liver disease treatment. Normal GGT levels vary depending on the laboratory and population tested, but generally range from 9-48 U/L for men and 9-32 U/L for women. However, GGT levels may be higher in people with liver disease or other conditions, such as diabetes or biliary obstruction. It is important to note that the GGT test is not specific for liver disease, so it should be used in conjunction with other liver function tests such as AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin to have a comprehensive assessment of liver function.

The Total Cholesterol test measures the amount of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a type of fat found in the blood that is necessary for the body to function properly. However, high cholesterol levels can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Total Cholesterol testing is used to screen for high cholesterol levels and monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering treatments. It measures the level of all types of cholesterol in the blood, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides.

The test is performed by taking a blood sample, usually from a finger prick or venous blood draw, and measuring cholesterol levels in the blood. Results are typically reported in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). The American Heart Association recommends that adults have their cholesterol levels checked at least every four to six years.

It is important to note that Total Cholesterol testing alone is not sufficient to assess cardiovascular risk, other parameters such as LDL, HDL, Triglycerides and Non-HDL Cholesterol should also be taken into account to get a comprehensive understanding of cholesterol levels in the body.

A triglyceride test measures the amount of triglycerides, a type of fat, in the blood. Triglycerides are important for energy storage, but high levels can be a risk factor for heart disease and other health problems.

The test is used to screen for high triglyceride levels, evaluate the effectiveness of triglyceride-lowering treatments, and help diagnose and monitor conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and other lipid metabolism disorders.

A triglyceride test measures the amount of triglycerides, a type of fat, in the blood. Triglycerides are important for energy storage, but high levels can be a risk factor for heart disease and other health problems.

The test is used to screen for high triglyceride levels, evaluate the effectiveness of triglyceride-lowering treatments, and help diagnose and monitor conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and other lipid metabolism disorders.

The test is performed by taking a blood sample and measuring the triglyceride levels in the blood. Results are typically reported in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). It’s important to remember that triglyceride levels can be affected by factors such as diet, exercise, alcohol consumption and certain medications, so it’s important to discuss any concerns with a healthcare professional.

It is also important to note that triglyceride testing should be done after 12 hours of fasting, as food intake can affect the results.

It is also important to note that triglyceride testing should be done after 12 hours of fasting, as food intake can affect the results.

The LDL (low-density lipoprotein) test measures the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood.

LDL cholesterol is often called “bad” cholesterol because high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

The test is used to assess a person’s risk of cardiovascular disease and to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering therapy.

The HDL test, also known as the high-density lipoprotein test, measures the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood. HDL is often called “good” cholesterol because low-density lipoprotein (LDL) helps remove “bad” cholesterol from the bloodstream. HDL does this by transporting LDL cholesterol from peripheral tissues, such as the artery wall, back to the liver where it can be broken down and eliminated from the body.

The test is used to assess a person’s risk of heart disease and to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering treatment. While low HDL cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease, high HDL cholesterol is protective. A normal HDL cholesterol range is generally considered to be above 40 mg/dL for men and above 50 mg/dL for women. HDL testing is typically done as part of a lipid panel that also measures total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides.

The creatinine test measures the level of creatinine in the blood.

Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism and excreted by the kidneys.

The test is used to evaluate kidney function and monitor the effectiveness of kidney disease treatment.

High creatinine levels in the blood may indicate that the kidneys are not working properly.

The urea test, also known as the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test, is a blood test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea is a waste product created in the liver when protein is broken down. The kidneys filter urea from the blood and excrete it with urine.

The BUN test is used to evaluate kidney function and evaluate fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. High levels of urea nitrogen in the blood may be an indicator of kidney disease or a problem with the liver’s ability to process protein. A low urea nitrogen level in the blood may be indicative of malnutrition or an overactive thyroid.

The BUN test is done by taking a blood sample and measuring the urea nitrogen level in the blood. Results are typically reported in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). The normal range for BUN will vary depending on the laboratory, but a normal BUN level is generally considered to be between 6 and 20 mg/dL.

It is important to note that BUN test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical symptoms and other renal function test results. Additionally, these results may be false positives in some cases. Therefore, additional diagnostic tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis, and a medical professional will need to interpret these test results.

The glycohemoglobin or hemoglobin A1C test measures the average amount of glucose in the blood over the past 2-3 months by determining the percentage of hemoglobin molecules that have been glycated (glucose added). Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. When glucose levels are high, more hemoglobin molecules undergo glycation.

The test is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of diabetes treatment. Diabetes is characterized by persistently high levels of glucose in the blood, which can damage blood vessels and organs over time. The A1C test provides an overall picture of a person’s blood sugar control over the past 2-3 months and helps the healthcare provider adjust the treatment plan. A normal A1C level is below 5.7%, while a level of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.

An iron test is a blood test that measures the level of iron in the bloodstream. Iron is an essential mineral required for the production of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

Iron is also important for the proper functioning of the immune system. Iron testing is used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia, monitor iron replacement therapy, or evaluate iron stores.

Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body, which may be due to malnutrition, blood loss, malabsorption, or chronic diseases. Low iron levels in the blood may indicate iron deficiency anemia. High iron levels in the blood may indicate hemochromatosis, a condition in which the body absorbs too much iron and it can get stored in organs and cause damage.

The iron binding capacity (IBC) test is a blood test that measures the amount of transferrin, a protein that binds to iron and carries it through the bloodstream. IBC is also known as total iron binding capacity (TIBC).

Transferrin saturation (TSAT) is calculated by dividing serum iron by TIBC. The IBC test is often used in conjunction with an iron test to evaluate iron levels and the body’s iron store.

High IBC levels may indicate that a greater amount of transferrin is available to bind to iron, which can occur in conditions such as iron deficiency anemia or chronic inflammation.

Low IBC levels may indicate that less transferrin is available to bind to iron, which can occur in conditions such as hemochromatosis or liver disease.

A ferritin test is a blood test that measures the level of ferritin in the bloodstream. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body. Ferritin testing is used to evaluate the body’s iron stores and can help diagnose iron deficiency anemia, monitor iron replacement therapy, or evaluate the cause of non-iron deficiency anemia. It is also used to evaluate inflammation, liver disease, and certain types of cancer.

Ferritin is a good indicator of iron stores because it increases when the body stores iron and decreases when iron is depleted in the body. Low ferritin levels in the blood may indicate iron deficiency anemia. High ferritin levels can occur in conditions such as hemochromatosis, inflammation, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to remember that the ferritin level can also be elevated in other conditions such as inflammation and infections, so it should be interpreted in conjunction with other test results and clinical findings.

The free T4 test measures the amount of the hormone thyroxine (T4) in the blood, which is not bound to proteins. T4 is one of the two major thyroid hormones (the other being T3) and plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism. T4 exists in the blood in two forms: bound to proteins such as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and albumin, and unbound or “free” T4.

The free T4 test is used to evaluate thyroid function, especially to check for hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and to monitor treatment for hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Hyperthyroidism can cause symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and heat intolerance. Hypothyroidism can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

Test results are typically reported in nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL). The normal range for free T4 varies by laboratory, but is generally considered to be between 0.8-1.8 ng/dL. However, it is important to remember that the normal range may vary depending on factors such as age and health status, and results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings.

It is important to note that the free T4 test is not a definitive test for hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism and should be used in conjunction with other laboratory and clinical evaluations such as Total T4, TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), T3 (Total triiodothyronine). as well as symptoms and signs to diagnose thyroid dysfunction.

The free T3 test measures the amount of the hormone triiodothyronine (T3), which is not bound to proteins, in the blood.

T3 is one of the two major thyroid hormones (the other being T4) and plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism. T3 exists in the blood in two forms: bound to proteins such as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and albumin, and unbound or “free” T3.

The free T3 test is used to evaluate thyroid function, especially to check for hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and to monitor treatment for hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Hyperthyroidism can cause symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and heat intolerance. Hypothyroidism can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

Test results are typically reported in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL). The normal range for free T3 varies by laboratory, but is generally considered to be between 2.3-4.2 pg/mL. However, it is important to remember that the normal range may vary depending on factors such as age and health status, and results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings.

It is important to note that the free T3 test is not a definitive test for hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism and should be used in conjunction with other laboratory and clinical evaluations such as Total T3, TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone), T4 (Total Thyroxine). as well as symptoms and signs to diagnose thyroid dysfunction.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) test is a blood test that measures the level of TSH in the body. TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

The TSH test is used to help diagnose and monitor thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). In a healthy individual, the TSH level will vary depending on the level of thyroid hormones in the blood. When the level of thyroid hormones is low, the pituitary gland secretes more TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more hormones. Conversely, when the level of thyroid hormones is high, the pituitary gland will release less TSH.

The TSH test is done by taking a blood sample and measuring the TSH level in the blood. Results are typically reported in milli-international units per liter (mIU/L). The normal range for TSH levels will vary depending on the laboratory, but it is generally accepted that a high TSH level in the blood is an indicator of hypothyroidism and a low TSH level in the blood is an indicator of hyperthyroidism.

A hemogram (also known as a complete blood count or CBC) is a test that measures various components of the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The test also includes measurement of hemoglobin and hematocrit, indicators of the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity, and mean red blood cell volume (MCV), a measure of the average size of red blood cells.

A hemogram test is used to evaluate overall health and help diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, such as anemia, infection, leukemia, and other blood diseases.

The test can provide information about the number, size and shape of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It can also provide information about the amount of hemoglobin and other proteins in the blood. An abnormal hemogram may indicate a problem with the bone marrow, where blood cells are made, or the spleen, which helps remove damaged blood cells from the circulation.

Hemogram testing is usually done as part of a routine physical exam, but it may also be done as part of a diagnostic workup for a specific medical condition or as a way to monitor the progression of an existing condition.

The DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) test is a blood test that measures the level of DHEA-S in the bloodstream.

DHEA-S is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands and is a metabolite of DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone).

DHEA-S levels in the body peak in early adulthood and then decline with age. DHEA-S has been suggested to have anti-aging effects, DHEA-S levels are also associated with sex hormones and has been suggested for use in assessing adrenal and gonadal function as well as certain conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). ) and some types of cancer.

The DHEA-S test is used to evaluate the function of the adrenal glands, monitor treatment of certain conditions such as PCOS, and evaluate the cause of certain symptoms such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth) and infertility.

A cortisol test measures the level of the hormone cortisol in the blood.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. The level of cortisol in the blood can indicate the functioning of the adrenal glands, as well as the presence of certain conditions such as Cushing’s disease or Addison’s disease.

High cortisol levels can also be caused by certain types of tumors and some medications. Low cortisol levels may indicate adrenal insufficiency. Cortisol testing is often done along with other tests, such as ACTH testing, to help diagnose these conditions.

The vitamin D test measures the level of vitamin D in the blood. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in the body’s absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth. It also plays a role in the immune system and regulation of cell growth.

There are two forms of vitamin D: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D3 is the form produced by the skin when exposed to sunlight and is the form more commonly found in supplements.

Vitamin D deficiency is relatively common, especially in people with limited sun exposure, darker skin, older age, obesity, and certain health problems such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and cystic fibrosis. Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency include weak bones, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of falls and fractures.

The test is done by taking a blood sample and measuring the vitamin D level in plasma or serum. Results are typically reported in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) or nanomoles per liter (nmol/L). The normal range for vitamin D will vary depending on the laboratory, but a normal vitamin D level is generally considered to be between 30 and 74 ng/mL (75 and 185 nmol/L).

It is important to note that Vitamin D test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical symptoms and other relevant laboratory test results. Additionally, these results may be false positives in some cases. Therefore, additional diagnostic tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis, and a medical professional will need to interpret these test results.

The Vitamin B12 test measures the amount of Vitamin B12 in the blood. Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin essential for proper red blood cell formation, neurological function and DNA synthesis. It is mainly found in animal products, including meat, fish, and dairy products, and is also found in supplements.

Vitamin B12 testing is used to evaluate the vitamin B12 status in the body and detect deficiency or excess. Vitamin B12 deficiency is relatively common and can occur in conditions affecting the stomach and small intestine, such as poor dietary intake, malabsorption disorders, or pernicious anemia. Symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency include fatigue, weakness, constipation, nerve damage and abnormal heart rhythms.

The test is performed by taking a blood sample and measuring the level of Vitamin B12 in the blood. Results are typically reported in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) or nanomoles per liter (nmol/L). The normal range for Vitamin B12 will vary depending on the laboratory, but it is generally considered that a normal Vitamin B12 level is 200 to 900 pg/mL or 150-900 pmol/L.

It should be noted that Vitamin B12 test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical symptoms and other relevant laboratory test results. Additionally, these results may be false positives in some cases. Therefore, additional diagnostic tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis, and a medical professional will need to interpret these test results.

The folate test, also known as the Vitamin B9 test, is a blood test that measures the level of folate in the blood. Folate is a B vitamin that is essential for the production of red blood cells and the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is also necessary for DNA synthesis and repair.

The test is used to evaluate folate deficiency, which can lead to anemia, and also to monitor treatment of folate deficiency. Folate deficiency can be caused by poor dietary intake, malabsorption, alcohol consumption, certain medications, or medical conditions such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and kidney disease.

Low levels of folate in the blood may indicate a deficiency, and high levels may indicate an overdose of supplements or a rare condition called hyperhomocysteinemia. This test is often used in conjunction with other tests, such as vitamin B12 testing, to evaluate the cause of anemia and monitor treatment.

The Creatinine Kinase (CK) test measures the level of the enzyme creatinine kinase in the blood.

This enzyme is found in various body tissues, including the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles.

High CK levels can indicate damage to these tissues and can be a sign of certain medical conditions, such as heart attack, muscle disease or injury, and certain types of muscular dystrophy.

It can also help monitor treatment of these conditions. It is often used in combination with other tests to help diagnose and monitor certain medical conditions.

The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test is a blood test that measures CRP levels in the blood. This test is similar to the regular CRP test, but is more sensitive, meaning it can detect even very low levels of CRP. The hs-CRP test is commonly used to evaluate the risk of heart disease, especially in people who have other risk factors for heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. High levels of hs-CRP in the blood may indicate an increased risk of heart disease, even in the absence of other symptoms. This test may also be used to monitor inflammation and response to treatment in inflammation-related conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.

Uric Acid test measures the level of uric acid in the blood. Uric acid is a waste product produced when the body breaks down purines found in certain foods and beverages, such as red meat, seafood, and alcohol. The kidneys filter uric acid from the blood and excrete it through urine.

Uric Acid testing is used to diagnose gout and kidney stones caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. It also causes gout, kidney disease and some types of cancer.

tedavisini izlemek için kullanılır. Yüksek ürik asit seviyeleri ayrıca metabolik sendrom, diyabet ve hipertansiyon gibi diğer altta yatan sağlık durumlarının bir işareti olabilir.

Test, kan örneği alınarak ve kandaki ürik asit seviyesinin ölçülmesiyle gerçekleştirilir. Sonuçlar tipik olarak miligram/desilitre (mg/dL) cinsinden rapor edilir. Ürik asit için normal aralık laboratuvara bağlı olarak değişecektir, ancak genellikle normal bir ürik asit seviyesinin erkekler için 3,4 ile 7,2 mg/dL, kadınlar için 2,4 ile 6,0 mg/dL arasında olduğu kabul edilir.

Ürik asit testi sonuçlarının, hastanın klinik semptomları ve diğer ilgili laboratuvar test sonuçları bağlamında yorumlanması gerektiğine dikkat etmek önemlidir. Ek olarak, bu sonuçlar bazı durumlarda yanlış pozitif olabilir. Bu nedenle, tanıyı doğrulamak için ek tanı testlerine ihtiyaç duyulabilir ve bu test sonuçlarını bir tıp uzmanının yorumlaması gerekir.