Estradiol test is a blood test that measures the level of the hormone estradiol in the body. Estradiol is a form of oestrogen, a female sex hormone that plays an important role in the menstrual cycle and in the development and maintenance of female reproductive organs and characteristics such as the breasts, uterus and fallopian tubes.
Estradiol testing is typically used to help diagnose and monitor conditions related to hormonal imbalances in girls, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), infertility, and precocious puberty. It is also used to monitor hormone replacement therapy in women who have had their ovaries removed or are going through menopause.
Estradiol levels can be affected by many factors, including age, pregnancy, menopause, hormone therapy, and certain medical conditions. The normal range for estradiol levels may vary depending on the laboratory and the person’s age and sex.

A testosterone test is a blood test that measures the level of the hormone testosterone in the body. Testosterone is a male sex hormone that plays an important role in the development and maintenance of male reproductive organs and characteristics such as the testes, prostate and muscle mass, as well as sperm production, sex drive and red blood cell production.
Testosterone testing is typically used to help diagnose and monitor conditions related to hormonal imbalances in men, such as hypogonadism (low testosterone), infertility, delayed or precocious puberty in males, and testicular cancer. It is also used to monitor hormone replacement therapy in men.
Testosterone levels can be affected by many factors, such as age, certain medical conditions, and medications. The normal range for testosterone levels may vary depending on the laboratory and the age and sex of the person.

A globulin test is a blood test that measures the level of globulins, a group of proteins found in the blood. Globulins are made up of several different types of proteins, including

Alpha-globulins: These include proteins such as haptoglobins and ceruloplasmin, which are involved in blood clotting and the transport of copper in the blood.

Beta-globulins: These include proteins such as transferrin, which is involved in the transport of iron in the blood.

Gamma-globulins: These include immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies), which are involved in the immune system’s response to invading microorganisms and other foreign substances.

Globulin testing is often used in conjunction with other tests, such as albumin testing, to assess the balance of protein in the blood and to help diagnose certain conditions.

A high globulin level can be caused by a number of conditions, including

• Inflammation or infection
• Liver or kidney disease
• Blood cancer such as multiple myeloma
• Rheumatoid arthritis

The albumin test is a blood test that measures the level of albumin in the blood.

Albumin is a protein made by the liver and is the most abundant protein in the blood. It plays an important role in maintaining the proper balance of fluids in the body as well as transporting hormones, drugs and other substances through the bloodstream.

Albumin testing is typically used to help diagnose and monitor conditions related to liver disease, such as cirrhosis, hepatitis and liver cancer, as well as conditions related to kidney disease, malnutrition and certain types of cancer. It is also used to monitor treatment for these conditions.
Albumin levels can be affected by many factors such as age, certain medical conditions, and medications.

The normal range for albumin levels can vary depending on the laboratory and the person’s age and gender. A low albumin level may indicate liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, or cancer. A high albumin level may indicate dehydration or a certain type of cancer.

A total protein test is a blood test that measures the total amount of protein in your blood. Protein is an essential nutrient required for many functions in the body, including the growth and repair of tissues, maintaining fluid balance and supporting the immune system. Proteins are made up of amino acids and are found in the body in many different forms, including blood, muscles and organs.
The total protein test measures the levels of all the different types of protein in your blood, such as albumin and globulin. This test can help detect various conditions such as liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition and certain types of cancer. The test can also be used to monitor treatment for these conditions.
The normal range for total protein levels can vary depending on the laboratory and the person’s age and gender. A low total protein level may indicate malnutrition, liver or kidney disease, or cancer.
A high total protein level may indicate chronic infection, inflammation, or certain types of cancer.

Alanin Aminotransferaz (ALT) testi, kandaki ALT enziminin seviyesini ölçen bir kan testidir. ALT öncelikle karaciğerde bulunur, ancak böbrekler ve kalp gibi diğer organlarda da küçük miktarlarda bulunabilir. Kandaki yüksek ALT seviyeleri, karaciğer hasarı veya hastalığının bir işareti olabilir.

Bu test tipik olarak karaciğer hastalığı veya hasarını teşhis etmeye ve izlemeye yardımcı olmak için Aspartat Aminotransferaz (AST) testi gibi diğer testlerle birlikte bir karaciğer fonksiyon panelinin parçası olarak istenir. Yüksek ALT seviyelerinin yaygın nedenleri arasında viral hepatit, alkol kötüye kullanımı ve bazı ilaçlar bulunur. Alkolsüz yağlı karaciğer hastalığı, siroz veya kanserden kaynaklanan karaciğer hasarının bir belirteci olarak da kullanılabilir. Normal ALT aralığı laboratuvara bağlı olarak değişir, ancak tipik olarak yetişkin erkekler için 7-56 IU/L ve yetişkin kadınlar için 7-40 IU/L arasındadır. Yüksek ALT seviyeleri, karaciğerle ilgili bir sorunu gösterebilir ve daha fazla değerlendirme gerektirebilir.

Total protein testi, kanınızdaki albumin ve globulin gibi tüm farklı protein türlerinin seviyelerini ölçer. Bu test, karaciğer hastalığı, böbrek hastalığı, yetersiz beslenme ve belirli kanser türleri gibi çeşitli durumların saptanmasına yardımcı olabilir. Test, bu koşullar için tedaviyi izlemek için de kullanılabilir.

The Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) test is a blood test that measures the level of the enzyme ALT in the blood. ALT is found primarily in the liver, but small amounts can also be found in other organs such as the kidneys and heart. High levels of ALT in the blood can be a sign of liver damage or disease.
This test is typically ordered as part of a liver function panel along with other tests, such as the Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) test, to help diagnose and monitor liver disease or damage. Common causes of elevated ALT levels include viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse and certain medications. It can also be used as a marker of liver damage from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis or cancer. The normal ALT range varies depending on the laboratory, but is typically between 7-56 IU/L for adult men and 7-40 IU/L for adult women. High ALT levels may indicate a problem with the liver and may require further evaluation.
The total protein test measures the levels of all the different types of protein in your blood, such as albumin and globulin. This test can help detect various conditions such as liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, and certain types of cancer. The test can also be used to monitor treatment for these conditions.

The normal range for total protein levels may vary depending on the laboratory and the age and sex of the person. A low total protein level may indicate malnutrition, liver or kidney disease, or cancer. A high total protein level may indicate chronic infection, inflammation, or certain types of cancer.

The Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) test is a blood test that measures the level of the enzyme GGT in the blood. GGT is found in high concentrations in the liver and bile ducts, but small amounts are also found in other organs such as the pancreas, kidneys and heart.
GGT is an enzyme that helps transport amino acids and peptides across cell membranes. High levels of GGT in the blood may indicate damage or disease of the liver or bile ducts. The test is most commonly used to help detect liver damage or disease, especially due to alcohol use or liver inflammation caused by conditions such as viral hepatitis.
The GGT test is also used to monitor the effectiveness of liver disease treatment. Normal GGT levels vary depending on the laboratory and population being tested, but are usually between 9-48 U/L for men and 9-32 U/L for women. However, GGT levels may be higher in people with liver disease or other conditions such as diabetes or biliary obstruction. It is important to note that the GGT test is not specific for liver disease, so it should be used in conjunction with other liver function tests such as AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin to have a comprehensive assessment of liver function.

The Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) test is a blood test that measures the level of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in the blood. ALP is found in various tissues in the body, including the liver, bone and small intestine. High levels of ALP in the blood can be a sign of certain medical conditions such as liver disease, bone disorders or cancer. This test is typically ordered along with other liver function tests and is used to help diagnose and monitor liver and bone disorders. The test is also used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions. The normal range of ALP varies depending on the laboratory, but is typically between 40-120 IU/L. High ALP levels may indicate a problem with the liver, bones, or other organs.

The LDL (low-density lipoprotein) test measures the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood.
LDL cholesterol is often called “bad” cholesterol because high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
The test is used to assess a person’s risk of cardiovascular disease and to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering therapy.

The HDL test, also known as a high-density lipoprotein test, measures the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood. HDL is often referred to as “good” cholesterol because it helps to remove low-density lipoprotein (LDL) “bad” cholesterol from the bloodstream. HDL does this by transporting LDL cholesterol from peripheral tissues, such as the artery wall, back to the liver where it can be broken down and removed from the body.
The test is used to assess a person’s risk of heart disease and to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering treatment. Low HDL cholesterol is a risk factor for heart disease, while high HDL cholesterol is protective. A normal range of HDL cholesterol is generally considered to be above 40 mg/dL for men and above 50 mg/dL for women. HDL testing is typically done as part of a lipid panel that also measures total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.

The Total Cholesterol test measures the amount of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a type of fat found in the blood that is essential for the body to function properly. However, high cholesterol levels can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
The Total Cholesterol test is used to screen for high cholesterol levels and to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering treatments. It measures the level of all types of cholesterol in the blood, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides.
The test is performed by taking a blood sample, usually from a finger prick or venous blood draw, and measuring the levels of cholesterol in the blood. Results are typically reported in milligrams/decilitre (mg/dL) or millimoles/litre (mmol/L). The American Heart Association recommends that adults have their cholesterol levels checked at least every four to six years.
It is important to note that the Total Cholesterol test alone is not sufficient to assess cardiovascular risk, other parameters such as LDL, HDL, Triglycerides and Non-HDL Cholesterol should also be considered for a comprehensive understanding of cholesterol levels in the body.

A triglyceride test measures the amount of triglycerides, a type of fat, in the blood. Triglycerides are important for energy storage, but high levels can be a risk factor for heart disease and other health problems.
The test is used to screen for high triglyceride levels, to evaluate the effectiveness of triglyceride-lowering treatments, and to help diagnose and monitor conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and other disorders of lipid metabolism.
The test is performed by taking a blood sample and measuring triglyceride levels in the blood. Results are typically reported in milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL) or millimoles per litre (mmol/L). It is important to remember that triglyceride levels can be affected by factors such as diet, exercise, alcohol consumption and certain medications, so it is important to discuss any concerns with a healthcare professional.
It is also important to note that the triglyceride test should be performed after a 12-hour fast, as food intake can affect the results.

The creatinine test measures the creatinine level in the blood.
Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism and excreted by the kidneys.
The test is used to assess kidney function and monitor the effectiveness of kidney disease treatment.
High levels of creatinine in the blood may indicate that the kidneys are not working properly.

A urea test, also known as a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test, is a blood test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea is a waste product formed in the liver when protein is broken down. The kidneys filter urea from the blood and excrete it in the urine.
The BUN test is used to assess kidney function and to evaluate fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. High levels of urea nitrogen in the blood may be an indicator of kidney disease or a problem with the liver’s ability to process protein. A low level of urea nitrogen in the blood may be indicative of malnutrition or an overactive thyroid.
The BUN test is done by taking a blood sample and measuring the level of urea nitrogen in the blood. Results are typically reported in milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL). The normal range for BUN will vary depending on the laboratory, but it is generally accepted that a normal BUN level is between 6 and 20 mg/dL.
It is important to note that BUN test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical symptoms and the results of other renal function tests. In addition, these results may be false positive in some cases. Therefore, additional diagnostic tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis and a medical professional should interpret these test results.

The glycohaemoglobin or haemoglobin A1C test measures the average amount of glucose in the blood over the past 2-3 months by determining the percentage of haemoglobin molecules that have been glycated (glucose added). Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. When glucose levels are high, more haemoglobin molecules undergo glycation.
The test is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes and also to assess the effectiveness of diabetes treatment. Diabetes is characterised by persistently high levels of glucose in the blood, which over time can damage blood vessels and organs. The A1C test provides an overall picture of a person’s blood glucose control over the past 2-3 months and helps the healthcare professional adjust the treatment plan. A normal A1C level is below 5.7%, while a level of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.

An iron test is a blood test that measures the level of iron in the bloodstream. Iron is an essential mineral required for the production of haemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.
Iron is also important for the proper functioning of the immune system. Iron testing is used to diagnose iron deficiency anaemia, monitor iron replacement therapy or assess iron stores.
Iron deficiency anaemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body, which may be due to malnutrition, blood loss, malabsorption or chronic diseases. Low levels of iron in the blood may indicate iron deficiency anaemia. High levels of iron in the blood may indicate haemochromatosis, a condition in which the body absorbs too much iron, which can be stored in organs and cause damage.

The ferritin test is a blood test that measures the level of ferritin in the bloodstream. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body. The ferritin test is used to assess the body’s iron stores and can help diagnose iron deficiency anaemia, monitor iron replacement therapy or assess the cause of anaemia not related to iron deficiency. It is also used to assess inflammation, liver disease and certain types of cancer. Ferritin is a good indicator of iron stores because it increases when the body stores iron and decreases when iron decreases in the body. Low ferritin levels in the blood may indicate iron deficiency anaemia. High ferritin levels can occur in conditions such as haemochromatosis, inflammation and certain types of cancer. It is important to note that ferritin levels can also be elevated in other conditions such as inflammation and infections, so it should be interpreted in conjunction with other test results and clinical findings.

The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) test is a blood test that measures the level of TSH in the body. TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
The TSH test is used to help diagnose and monitor thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). In a healthy individual, the TSH level will vary according to the level of thyroid hormones in the blood. When the level of thyroid hormones is low, the pituitary gland releases more TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more hormones. Conversely, when the level of thyroid hormones is high, the pituitary gland will release less TSH.
The TSH test is done by taking a blood sample and measuring the level of TSH in the blood. Results are typically reported in milli-international units per litre (mIU/L). The normal range for TSH levels will vary depending on the laboratory, but it is generally accepted that a high level of TSH in the blood is an indication of hypothyroidism and a low level of TSH in the blood is an indication of hyperthyroidism.
It is important to note that TSH test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical symptoms and additional diagnostic tests, as well as other thyroid function tests such as T4 and T3, may be required to confirm the diagnosis.

The Creatinine Kinase (CK) test measures the level of the enzyme creatinine kinase in the blood.
This enzyme is found in various body tissues, including the brain, heart and skeletal muscles.
High levels of CK can indicate damage to these tissues and can be a sign of certain medical conditions, such as heart attack, muscle disease or injury, and certain types of muscular dystrophy.
It can also help monitor treatment of these conditions. It is often used in combination with other tests to help diagnose and monitor certain medical conditions.

A haemogram (also known as a complete blood count or CBC) is a test that measures various components of the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The test also includes measurement of haemoglobin and haematocrit, indicators of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and mean red blood cell volume (MCV), a measure of the average size of red blood cells.
A haemogram test is used to assess general health and to help diagnose and monitor various medical conditions such as anaemia, infection, leukaemia and other blood disorders.
The test can give information about the number, size and shape of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It can also give information about the amount of haemoglobin and other proteins in the blood. An abnormal haemogram may indicate a problem with the bone marrow, where blood cells are made, or the spleen, which helps remove damaged blood cells from circulation.
A haemogram test is usually done as part of a routine physical examination, but it may also be done as part of a diagnostic work-up for a specific medical condition or as a way to monitor the progression of an existing condition.